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The Wrong Conversation

The annual college-admissions tournament is in full swing, encouraged by newspapers and magazines that have made a good business of promoting status anxiety among parents and students by touting the latest rankings and secrets of Ivy League admissions offices. But in reality, the universe of students with the luxury of being overwhelmed by long application forms, AP courses, extracurricular activities, and grueling SAT-prep classes is small: Only 11 percent of college-bound seniors enroll at institutions that reject a majority of their applicants. For most students, the hard part of college isn’t getting in — it’s getting out.

The numbers are stark: Only 37 percent of college students graduate in four years, less than two-thirds finish in six. For low-income and minority students, graduation rates are even worse. This is happening at the worst possible moment in history — the market for unskilled labor has already gone global and higher-skill jobs aren’t far behind. We aren’t going to be bigger or cheaper than our Chinese and Indian competitors in the 21st century; our only option is to be smarter. Yet we’re squandering the aspirations and talent of hundreds of thousands of college students every year.

Clearly, major changes are needed.

We can start by restructuring high schools, which continue to act as if most students don’t go to college when in fact most of them do. Two-thirds of high school graduates enter postsecondary education soon after graduation, and more than 80 percent matriculate by their mid-20s. But many arrive unaware that their high school diploma doesn’t mean they’re ready for college work. Far from it. More than 25 percent of college freshmen have to take remedial courses in basic reading, writing, or math — victims of high schools that systematically fail to enroll many of their college-bound students in college-prep classes.

It’s true that many students arrive in high school behind academically, but high schools need to buckle down and prepare them for college anyway because that’s where they’re going, ready or not. College-prep curricula should be the norm unless students and parents decide otherwise.

We also need to make college more affordable for first-generation college students at the greatest risk of dropping out. We’ve been losing ground here in recent years — federal Pell Grants pay a far smaller portion of college costs than they once did, while states and institutions are shifting many of their student-aid dollars to so-called “merit” programs that mostly benefit middle-and upper-income families. Meanwhile, the ongoing erosion of state funding for public colleges and universities, combined with the unwillingness of those institutions to look hard at becoming more efficient, has produced huge increases in tuition.

As a result, low-income college students have an unpleasant choice: Take out massive student loans that greatly limit their options after graduation, or work full-time while they’re in school, and thereby greatly decrease their odds of graduating. In addition to a renewed federal commitment to college affordability, state lawmakers should resist the urge to pour vast amounts of money into need-blind merit aid programs. And institutions should think twice before taking the advice of for-profit “enrollment management” consultants who counsel reducing aid to the low-income students who need it most.

We need to get serious about creating universities that are actually designed to educate undergraduates successfully. Many institutions are far too concerned with status, research, athletics, fundraising — almost everything except the quality of undergraduate education. Yet research has shown that those institutions that truly focus on high-quality instruction, combined with guidance and support in the critical freshmen year, have much higher graduation rates than their peers. Our colleges need to be held more accountable for the things that matter most: teaching their students well and helping as many as possible earn a degree.

The education secretary’s commission appears poised to put higher education accountability squarely on the national agenda. That’s a good thing. But the panel’s proposal shouldn’t focus on a No Child Left Behind-style top-down system based exclusively on standardized tests, government-defined performance goals, and mandated interventions. Rather, the panel should pursue accountability through transparency, mandating a major expansion of the performance data universities are required to create and report to students, parents, and the public at large.

Finally, the media should look beyond their own lives and aspirations when they shape the public perception of higher education and the admissions process. Caught up in the same status competition they help perpetuate, many simply don’t realize how many college students arrive unprepared, struggle financially, and never finish a degree. For the vast majority of students, and for the nation as a whole, the stakes are far higher than who gets into which Ivy League institution.

Kevin Carey is policy and research director at Education Sector, a think tank.

Comments

entrenched industry

An entrenched indsutry, reluctant to change until forced to? Sounds familiar. Why won’t higher education embrace change and search for innovation instead of slavishly following fads? Your guess is as good as mine, but I am pretty sure it relates closely to keeping what you have for as long as possible before being forced to do more!

j, Associate Prof., at 8:45 am EST on March 16, 2006

March Madness

As a former Ivy admissions officer, I have witnessed the status anxiety of the upper middle class first hand. Such affects a tiny proportion of those families who consider college, as the author rightly points out. But it is this small group that writes for, and reads, the NYT and the “how to get into an Ivy or Ivy-like” guidebooks where this handwringing goes on. The author does a good job of pointing out the larger, structural issues that continue to threaten the link of access to higher education, societal health, and democracy.

A. G. Rud, Purdue University, at 9:41 am EST on March 16, 2006

I was one of those kids. Started college at age 25 (after a stint in the Army), took nearly 10 years to graduate. I worked fulltime during most of those years, and went to three different colleges. I found that in order to maintain a good GPA I could only take a couple of classes per semester. But I did graduate, and went on to graduate school. I’m now ABD in my field.

My question is, why is it a crisis if it takes most people more than 4 years to complete a bachelor’s degree? So the heck what? You have to work to live; this is not news to most of us. The article seems to be assuming that “not graduating in 4 years” equals “not graduating at all.” Why?

I do agree that colleges and universities need to be making some changes. But maybe one of those changes is to stop assuming that students live the kind of lives that allow them to drop everything and spend 4 years doing nothing but school.

Sheryl, at 9:50 am EST on March 16, 2006

Adjustments

I find it interesting that the author neglected to mention anything much that the schools could do — and mostly concentrated on what the rest of us should do to “support” them.

What we need to be looking at is things like how college got so expensive and what we can do to bring its price back down (and that doesn’t mean how much we can milk rich kids to subsidize poor ones either) — we need to find the fat and eliminate it.

After that, we need to take a long, hard look at classes and requirements. Many graduates are unprepared for their jobs; many have taken lots of courses related to little but entertainment and aristocratic cocktail party fodder. This needs to be redesigned, because as it is it is awfully hard for many to see what it is that college offers them besides a diploma. If the answer to this is “entertainment” or “a deeper understanding of social justice” than you can probably bet that you’re not looking at the right things.

What about flexibility for part time students? How many night classes do you have? Do you even have part time students? Many people would like to go to college full time and end up going to part time for financial reasons before dropping out completely because of the cost, inconvinience and messiness of it all. Where are the advising resources for part time students? Are they available? How often? For how long?

Just some things to think about.

Kevin, Undergraduate, at 10:35 am EST on March 16, 2006

why it is important

Sheryl, I think the issue boils down to mean the longer something takes the less likely someone is going to complete that task. Often I see students who are in their 6th year for an AA degree bail out because they either cannot maintain the same level of energy anymore, or they have had major life changes. I think in your case the military prepared you for taking as long as it takes to get the job done. I think this is one of the major benefits to military experience. However, many individuals who attend college do so when they just get out of high school. In these cases the majority are 18 years old (I was 17 when I went to college) so the maturity and ability to stay focused is not as ingrained. Instead, we see these kids come out of high school and enter into college with absolutely no clue as to “what they want to be when they grow up.” As a result they change majors four or five times, and become super super seniors.

I myself, graduated in little over four years. However, there were good friends of mine who entered my undergraduate university at the same time I did and were still struggling to get their AA degree. I contribute this to a lack of focus and a lack of understanding for what they want to do with the rest of their lives. Because of that some students would be better served to work a few years and then enter college (much like Sheryl). However, our concern as a nation would be how many of these students would return to college after making some money and starting a family? Some, but not as many as we think (though on-line learning might change this). So high schools and colleges need to come up with a plan on directing students and helping them maintain their energy. If not, we will continue to see high drop out rate.

VG, at 11:05 am EST on March 16, 2006

“Aristocratic” parties

A quick thought for you, Kevin — not all learning is directly attached to a topic being covered. As an English Professor — one of those fields that people sometimes discount because people wonder where they will go to be paid to read novels and poems. It is a dangerous thing to discount. After all, I teach students half of what they will be spending their time doing in any business setting — reading and writing at an advanced level. Most employers are more interested in skill sets. Those skills can be picked up in a number of different places.

Matthew M. DeForrest, JCSU, at 1:15 pm EST on March 16, 2006

Silli-ness about higher education

Most students could probably tell us, if we were to ask the right questions to encourage verbalization of their intuitions;

a) the smartest students squirm through the best schools in four years, because of skills learned from those students’ family or elite culture. Unfortunately, those students flow through the pipeline that leads to Washington, D.C.

b) more ethical and/or cautious students (whose parents can’t always bail them out of trouble) will take a little more time to get through a professional program and avoid the ethical morass of U.S. politics.

c) wannabe students poke around for many years considering their options to avoid the swamp of the upperclass. Potential employers have to wonder if these “slower students” will play ball as the game is played.

d) community college and other students (or non-students) are mostly disgusted with all the above. They want to just fix computers or cars or weld or make pottery; anything to avoid the slimy confrontations inherent in making it big.

e) then there are the gangstas.

In sum, top universities don’t really teach the “a” group, but just polish pre-existing skills. Most students intuitively know this, but wrestle with lesser evil choices.

Honesty: best policy or field of land mines?

Dr. F. Gump, at 2:10 pm EST on March 16, 2006

Takes more than money

A heart-felt review of issues facing education. As faculty, I’ve seen how disrupted many of my students’ lives have been — divorce, single-parent. Many of those students require so much hands-on attention, I do not see enough money to finance the additional staff time. Frankly, I hope more volunteers step up — and soon.

Also:

* Many states with high unemployment are trying to position themselves as the next Silicon Valley by raising graduation standards. OK — what about those students with high-skill, high-wage technical skills who are happy with the current system? Will this result in an unintended consequence — those high-skill students will dropout early? This needs a lot more thought.

* Testing. Yes, the recent SAT scoring mess could frighten anyone from testing. Unfortunately, given the public’s perception of questionable quality involving K-12 education (viz., the recent Aurora, Colo., high school kerkuffle), testing will NOT go away. A reasonable level of knowledge about grammer rules, math, and the state capitals will be required.

* Data transparency. Yes. Now.

* Reading and writing is not enough. Doing is necessary. Many of those who got laid off read and write at college level — just couldn’t produce anything of value.

Art D., at 2:30 pm EST on March 16, 2006

Does anyone know how this study counts students participating in a program that’s expected to last five years? I went to a liberal arts college with an associated conservatory, and we had a number of students graduate with two degrees (B.A. and Bachelor of Music) in five years. They were considered by the institution to be graduating on time. So were the students partcipating in the 3-2 physics program (three years studying physics at their home institution, two years at a partnering research institution studying engineering). Is graduating in four years really the best measure of educational success?

Rachel, at 8:15 pm EST on March 16, 2006

Keep in that financial aid options go down after the usual 4 years, some grants and need based aid has a cut off point.

grad, at 9:40 pm EST on March 16, 2006

“The Wrong Conversation”

I thought this op-ed indeed had an important focus and made an excellent contribution on its main points. On another point, accountability, I can encourage you to believe that the Commission on the Future of Higher Education is not going to recommend ” a NCLB-style, top down system based exclusively on standardized tests, government defined performance goals and mandated interventions". In fact, not a single part of that description is likely to be accurate. Your inclusion of this description is ironic considering your title “The Wrong Conversation". Your remarks following that description are more likely to be the direction of the Commission: “transparency", “expansion of the performance data", for “students, parents and the public at large". You have incorrectly assumed that some press reports and anxieties expressed by the academy are an accurate depiction of the work of the Commssion. I can assure you, they are not. Charles Miller ChairmanCommission on the Future of Higher Education

Charles Miller, Chairman, at Commission on the Future of Higher Education, at 6:05 pm EST on March 18, 2006

Charles Miller makes a fair point. I hadn’t meant to imply that the Commission on the Future of Higher Education endorses an NCLB-style system, but the article clearly reads that way. My mistake. For the record, I think the Commission’s emphasis on transparency and creating more information about higher education quality and student learning is absolutely the right one.

Kevin Carey, Research and Policy Manager at Education Sector, at 3:05 pm EST on March 19, 2006

Not convinced, Mr. Miller

Chairman Miller,I’ll believe it when I see it. Or, more accurately, when I see who wins the next presidential election.

Skeptical, at 4:25 am EST on March 20, 2006

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