News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Aug. 17
Constantine Curris’s Inside Higher Ed essay about transfer of credit this week confirms in print what many of us in the national accreditation sector already know: that many institutions base their decisions on credit transfers arbitrarily on the accreditation status of the “sending” college, with complete disregard for the students’ capabilities or the course equivalency of the credits the student seeks to transfer.
What is particularly alarming about the article’s portrayal of the transfer of credit issue is its reliance on history, its almost exclusive emphasis on the burdens imposed on the registrars, and, most importantly, the article’s absolute disregard of the effect that current arbitrary transfer of credit decisions have on the millions of students who attempt to change institutions in order to complete or advance their educations. Should not this national debate focus first on the students and the national education policy goals of helping them complete their educations in the most timely and cost efficient manner, while also ensuring the quality of their educations? If so, then resolving the transfer crisis by prohibiting the arbitrary denial based solely on accreditation makes eminent sense.
While Curris acknowledges the increase in student mobility and in enrollments generally, he seems content to justify current transfer policies on the historical basis for such determinations and on a time in particular when accreditation by “region” served a specific purpose. However, the increasing number of “contemporary” students enrolled — students who are older, sometimes employed, part-time, and mobile — is undeniable, and federal education policy and institutions must adapt to and accommodate these students.
Indeed, this fact should not be viewed as a burden, but rather as a responsibility and benefit to this country’s citizens, their educational aspirations and achievements, and to the U.S. economy’s increasing need for continuous educational upgrades. Curris’s article, however, confirms the entrenched and fundamental unwillingness of many institutions to voluntarily adapt their policies and practices on transfer of credit.
Here are the facts: Denial of credits results in the denial of access, as well as in increased education costs when students are forced to pay twice for the same course. These obstacles to completing or improving academic credentials come at a cost not only to those individuals, but also to the taxpayers who often foot the bill for the repeated coursework, and to our economy in the form of the affected students’ delayed entry to our nation’s workforce.
Indeed, in a 2005 report prepared by the Government Accountability Office on the transfer of credit issue confirms the national agencies’ own experiences. The GAO found that “84 percent of postsecondary institutions had policies to consider the accreditation of the sending institution when assessing transfer credits.” An official at the Department of Education recently indicated that the single largest number of complaints the Office of Postsecondary Education receives are from students wondering why their credits were denied by receiving institutions.
Accreditation and the accrediting agencies should play an important role in facilitating, not denying, credit approvals as Curris suggests. All recognized accrediting agencies — whether regional, national or specialized — are subject to the same criteria and approval processes by the Department of Education. The Council on Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) and other organizations, like the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, have jointly and formally adopted a policy confirming that institutions should evaluate credits for transfer without discriminating based on the sending institution’s accreditation.
And, yet, the credits of students who attend nationally accredited schools continue to be denied on the basis of accreditation. Curris says that this denial is not necessarily about discrimination against proprietary schools. He is right — this debate is not about the proprietary institutions. It is about the students who choose to attend institutions that have met Title IV eligibility and are accredited by agencies that meet the same criteria for U.S. Department of Education approval as the regional accrediting agencies. Curris seems skeptical of the types of schools the national accrediting agencies accredit — in fact, many of these schools and their students look very much like the two year programs and students found at regionally accredited community colleges.
Instead of making arbitrary transfer decisions based on accreditation, the focus by institutions in these decisions should instead be on the students and the quality of credits they received. Even if institutional resources are tight, receiving institutions should be examining the course equivalency of the sending institution and student competency; students deserve this level of basic attention to objective measures. There is no legislation or regulatory solution proposed that would deny or affect the very important autonomy of an institution to make an independent judgment on the merits of the transfer request. The legislation that had been proposed merely asked institutions to give a student’s record a fair review.
This is a national problem requiring a national solution. Articulation, policy statements and other private sector arrangements, while helpful, do little to ensure that students nationwide will be fairly and consistently treated when considering a transfer. To support legislation in this in this area would provide affirmation to students, institutions, and accreditors that Congress intends to support student achievement, mobility, and access to an affordable education, as a matter of national education policy.
That Curris, as the head of one of the country’s major associations of public colleges, would argue otherwise is dismaying.
Scanlon,Willams,and Miller bring out some excellent points in the article and comments. A blanket rejection of students based solely on the institution they want to transfer from is a discriminatory practice, and the focus of the transfer dialogue needs to remain on the students.
Registrars and department heads might be overly taxed, but that doesn’t mean student needs should be disregarded. It means there must be more effort and resources on the part of the receiving institution. The receiving institution must take the time to evaluate classes and content, and options for the student need to be presented. Already, some of these options are in place through the CLEP test and some institutions’ willingness to accept credits from nationally accredited schools as electives. But clearly, more must be done for the student.
Regionally accredited schools are clearly concerned about the academic quality of some nationally accredited schools, and well they should be. We need only to look at the recent scandal in NY in which a school catering to high school drop-outs was cited for enrolling students unable to benefit from their programs. What happens to students in schools like these who want to transfer and continue on a more academic path? While Community Colleges have a reputation for helping students requiring remediation, again, this puts the students at a disadvantage: they must pay for even more courses.
Until nationally accredited schools address the remedial and special needs of their particular student population, this debate will continue. And until accreditation agencies work to address these issues at the national level, discrimination and institutional irresponsibility will continue.
Outside of my preference for national and regional accreditation agencies being combined, the short-term solution would be for nationally accredited institutions to include remedial courses in their existing programs at no extra charge, and for regionally accredited institutions to form articulation agreements with select nationally accredited institutions. But these, again, are short-term solutions.
Students should never be penalized for the political and policy related bickering that has put them in poorer financial and educational positions. It is up to the accreditors and the institutions to ensure students have a real opportunity to succeed in our system of higher education.
kgotthardt, at 8:45 am EDT on August 17, 2007
At least in some cases where there is a claim made that “sending” institution’s course is not equivalent, sample final examinations or comprehensive examinations which are passed by students of the course in the “receiving” institution might be made into a challenge test for the transfer students. Whether the course is more demanding and the receiving institutions grading is more rigorous ought to be put to the test in this way. Otherwise the denial of transfer credit is shamefully arbitrary. It is like saying: “Everybody knows our team is better than yours, but we won’t let our team play against yours to test our claim.”
Stanislaus Dundon, Professor Emeritus at California State University, Sacramento, at 1:30 pm EDT on August 17, 2007
kgotthard: remedial courses are not free at regionally accredited institutions (mine for example). I don’t think it is fair to make nationally accredited institutions to give them away either.
They should be available though.
Nobody rides for free, at 1:35 pm EDT on August 17, 2007
Last I checked, some Community Colleges offered reduced cost remedial courses that could be repeated. For example, I worked at a center that offered self-paced courses. The students paid ONCE. They had to meet certain benchmarks, but they were able to work up to three or four semesters to complete these courses based on the mastery concept. To continue in the course for an additional semester, they paid only a nominal fee (like $20.00 or so).
I don’t see why the Nationals couldn’t do this as well. There are many innovative ways to accomplish the goal without dramatically increasing students’ or institutional costs.
kgotthardt, at 5:10 pm EDT on August 17, 2007
Some of the original articles and these comments seem to assume that regional accreditation means non-profit and national accreditation means for-profit. This is a common error that confuses the issue and raises the temperature of all parties.
In fact, many for-profit colleges have regional accreditation. As a conseqence their credits are easier to transfer to public and not-for-profit colleges.
A college’s decision to apply for accreditation with a national vs. regional accreditor is simply that, a choice. Yes, there are consequences for students under the current system, but the system has plenty of room for for-profit schools to become regionally accredited if they want to.
Alan Contreras, State of Oregon, at 12:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2007
kgotthardt:Registrars and department heads might be overly taxed, but that doesn’t mean student needs should be disregarded. It means there must be more effort and resources on the part of the receiving institution. The receiving institution must take the time to evaluate classes and content, and options for the student need to be presented.
* How about if the student pays a transfer evaluation fee?
kgotthardt:Last I checked, some Community Colleges offered reduced cost remedial courses that could be repeated. For example, I worked at a center that offered self-paced courses. The students paid ONCE. They had to meet certain benchmarks, but they were able to work up to three or four semesters to complete these courses based on the mastery concept.
* WOW! My company wants to hire just this type of student! Really! We do a lot of cost plus government contracts you see. The slower the better we always say! Tell them to send their resumes to Halliburton Inc. right away. www.halliburton.com/careers/
Prof, at 9:10 pm EDT on August 23, 2007
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I want to add my voice to those of Elise and Roger in opposition to Monday’s opinion piece.
It suggests that the Career College Association (CCA), of which I am President, favors restrictive regulations governing the transfer of credit issue.
If by calling our policies “restrictive” one means favoring efficiency, transparency, nondiscrimination and a higher education community that is striving to meet the needs of the 21st century workforce, and putting students first, then this is an accurate statement.
The transfer of credit issue is of growing import as more and more students in America seek to maximize their educational experiences by transferring schools, either mid-course or to pursue more advanced degrees. Each receiving institution wants control over the credits deemed appropriate for earning a degree, and that’s understandable.
But let’s add some transparency to the process to assist students who are making costly and life-altering higher education decisions. Doing so will establish clear expectations for student progress through the byways of higher education and help avoid wasting student and taxpayer dollars on redundant coursework, wasting time that might otherwise go towards meeting truly necessary degree requirements, wasting productivity as the student’s entry into the workforce is delayed, and wasting human capital as the student decides the uphill battle for a degree is simply too frustrating to continue.
CCA does not advocate for the blind acceptance of credits. What we do advocate is requiring receiving institutions to provide more information to potential students and the public about the transfer credit. We do not propose to restrict academic freedom and recognize that receiving institutions must have real flexibility in their credit transfer decisions. Colleges and universities need flexibility, but not carte blanche.
The U.S. Senate recently passed a bill requiring institutions to have and publicly disclose a detailed policy on transfer of credit and acceptance of degrees. We agree. We also believe that institutions consider fairly proffered credits or degrees without regard to whether the sending institution is nationally or regionally accredited, so long as the accreditation is issued by an agency recognized by the Department of Education.
To do otherwise is simply to discriminate. The 1,200-plus CCA member institutions must meet rigorous requirements in order to be accredited, whether by a regional or national accrediting organization (about 60 to 65 percent of our members are nationally accredited, and about 35 to 40 percent are regionally accredited). Those accredited by national accrediting agencies meet standards that are as strict as those of regional agencies.
Yet students who attend nationally accredited institutions who attempt to transfer credits to another institution or have degrees recognized to pursue graduate work are most often told that their credits or degrees will not be accepted. End of story. No meaningful explanation offered. Why? These regionally accredited, traditional, not-for-profit public and private institutions frequently base their decision not to accept transfer credits solely on the source of the accredited institution granting those credits.
“Discrimination” is an ugly word, particularly when it is used to describe behavior in the exalted halls of academia. But the blanket rejection of college credits is discrimination, plain and simple. And all too often, it’s discrimination against those in the less advantaged socioeconomic sectors of society, people who are simply trying to gain skills while maximizing their earning potential as early as possible. Many career college students know exactly what they want to do in life and wish to take the shortest path possible to pursue their work life goals. Career college students may have entered the workforce directly after high school and, months or years later, realized the need for additional skills and education. Those juggling family, job and other commitments may benefit from the more flexible approaches to education career schools offer, including online education and far more frequent class starts.
The 21st century workforce is evolving. Why can’t the attitudes of academia do likewise? American global economic competitiveness is increasingly based on our ability to produce workers with the technical skills needed to keep high paying jobs within our borders. Career colleges, which educate 2.1 million students per year, are a critical piece of the higher education continuum and are building those skills in the American workforce. That mission should be supported, not blocked by institutional prejudice and bureaucratic myopia.
The Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) recognized the need to end the bias against nationally accredited schools seven years ago in its statement of principles. Unfortunately, the practice of most schools has not matched the rhetoric enshrined in those words. That is why it is time for Congress to take affirmative action to change the landscape.
Whatever the reasons students select a career college, those wishing to continue their educations at a traditional college or university and meeting objective admissions criteria should be able to do so. Their credits earned at career colleges should transfer.
Harris N. Miller, President at Career College Association, at 5:40 am EDT on August 17, 2007